Seasonal Dynamics in Heavy Metal Pollution and Environmental Risk in Surface Soils Near a Battery Recycling Plant in Ogijo, Southwestern Nigeria

Authors

  • Adeniyi Taofeeq Adeleke
    Federal College of Fisheries and Marine Technology Victoria Island, Lagos.
  • Rasaki Kola Odunaike
    Olabisi Onabanjo University image/svg+xml
  • Mistura Temitope Adeleke
    Olabisi Onabanjo University image/svg+xml
  • Kehinde T. Dahunsi
    Federal College of Fisheries and Marine Technology
  • Sherifat O. Ayinla
    Federal College of Fisheries and Marine Technology
  • O. Ajiboye
    Kola Daisi University

Keywords:

Battery Recycling, Ecological risk, Heavy metals, Seasonal Dynamics, Soil pollution

Abstract

The study assessed seasonal variations in heavy metal pollution and ecological risk in surface soils around a spent‑battery recycling plant in Ogijo, south-western Nigeria. Forty topsoil samples (0–15 cm) were collected for two seasons and analyzed for Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Co, Cd, Cr and Ni using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Contamination factor, geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor and ecological risk index were calculated. The standard toxic‑response factors and correlations were used to identify common sources. Most heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Ni) occurred below their soil background levels, whereas Cd was greatly elevated in both seasons (16.69mg/kg wet; 6.24mg/kg dry vs 0.3mg/kg background), and Co was moderately enriched in the dry season. Wet‑season indices classified Cd as extremely polluted (CF = 55.6; IGEO > 5), with EF many orders of magnitude above unity and ERI ≈ 1669, while other metals had CF < 1 and ERI < 5, indicating low risk. In the dry season, Cd remained the dominant pollutant (CF = 20.8; ERI ≈ 624) and Co showed CF slightly above 1, but all other metals stayed within the low‑risk range. Correlation matrices revealed strong, significant associations among Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, Fe and Pb in the wet season, consistent with a common anthropogenic source and hydrological mixing, whereas dry‑season correlations were weaker and more heterogeneous. Overall, soils near the facility are ecotoxicologically dominated by Cd, particularly in the wet season, indicating the need for stricter control of recycling activities, targeted remediation and continuous monitoring.

Author Biography

Rasaki Kola Odunaike

Professor of solid state Department of physics Olabisi Onabanjo University Agoiwoye Ogun State Nigeria.

Dimensions

Akan, J. C., Abdulrahman, F. I., Ogugbuaja, V. O., and Ayodele, J. T. (2010). Heavy metals and anion levels in some samples of vegetable grown within the vicinity of Challawa industrial area, Kano state, Nigeria. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 7(10), 1233–1239. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajassp.2010.1233.1239

Ali, H., Khan, E., and Sajad, M. A. (2013). Phytoremediation of heavy metals Concepts and applications. Chemosphere, 91(7), 869–881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.01.075 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.01.075

Awoyemi, A. R. (2024). Heavy Metal Pollution and Risk Assessment of Water and Soil Around Waste Dumpsite: A Case Study of Ilokun and Emirin Waste Dumpsite, Ado-Ekiti, Southwest Nigeria (Master's thesis, Kwara State University Nigeria).

Baker, L. R., Jickells, T. D., Cape, J. N., Cornell, S. E., and Nemitz, E. (2006). Investigating the measurement of soil contamination at fine spatial scales: A review of methods. Environmental Pollution, 144(3), 747-756.

Chibuike, G. U., and Obiora, S. C. (2014). Heavy metal polluted soils: Effect on plants and bioremediation methods. Applied and Environmental Soil Science, 2014, Article ID 752708. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/752708 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/752708

Flora, S. J. S., Mittal, M., and Mehta, A. (2008). Heavy metal-induced oxidative stress and its possible reversal by chelation therapy. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 128(4), 501–523. https://www.ijmr.org.in/article.asp?issn=09715916;year=2008;volume=128;issue=4;spage=501;epage=523;aulast=Flora

Giller, K. E., Witter, E., and McGrath, S. P. (2009). Heavy metals and soil microbes. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 41(10), 2031–2037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.04.026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.04.026

Hakanson, L. (1980). An Ecological Risk Index for Aquatic Pollution Control: A Sedimentological Approach. Water Research, 14(8), 975–1001. https://dpo/org/10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-8

Harikumar, P. S., and Jisha, T. S. (2010). Distribution pattern of trace metal pollutants in the sediments of an urban wetland in the southwest coast of India. International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 2(5), 840–850. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1675-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1675-1

Haris, H., Looi, L. J., Aris, A. Z., Mokhtar, N. F., Ayob, N. A. A., Yusoff, F. M., and Praveena, S. M. (2017). Geo-accumulation index and contamination factors of heavy metals (Zn and Pb) in urban river sediment. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 39, 1259–1271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-017-9971-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-017-9971-0

Hassan, M., Hussaini, A., Musa, A., and Muhammad, M. (2020). Investigating the quality of water stored in plastic tanks in Umaru Musa Yaradua university katsina, katsina state, Nigeria. Fudma Journal of Sciences, 4(4), 116-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2020-0404-446

Islam, M. S., Hossain, M. B., Matin, A., and Sarker, M. S. I. (2018). Assessment of heavy metal pollution; distribution and source apportionment in the sediment from Feni River Estuary, Bangladesh. Chemosphere, 202, 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.101 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.077

Iwegbue, C. M., Tesi, G. O., Overland, E. U., Egue, H. A., & Egobueze, F. E. (2009). Preliminary assessment of heavy metals of urban soils from Warri, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2(4), 362–373.

Järup, L. (2003). Hazards of heavy metal contamination. British medical bulletin, 68(1), 167-182. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldg032. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldg032

Kabata Pendias, A. (2011). Trace Elements in Soils and Plants (4th ed.). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b10158. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/b10158

Li, J., Pei, Y., Zhao, S., Xiao, R., Sang, X., & Zhang, C. (2020). A review of remote sensing for environmental monitoring in China. Remote Sensing, 12(7), 1130. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12071130. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12071130

Loska, K., Wiechuła, D., and Korus, I. (2004). Metal contamination of farming soils affected by industry. Environment International, 30(2), 159–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00157-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00157-0

Matta, G., and Gjyli, L. (2016). Mercury, lead and arsenic: Impact on environment and human health. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 9(2), 718–725. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1124656

Mehrpour, O., Jafarzadeh, M., and Abdollahi, M. (2012). A systematic review of aluminium phosphide poisoning. Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju, 63(1), 61–72. https://doi.org/10.2478/10004-1254-63-2012-2141 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/10004-1254-63-2012-2182

Muller G. (1969): Index of geo-accumulation in sediments of the Rhine River. Geojournal 2, 108-118.

Ogundiran, M. B., & Osibanjo, O. (2009). Mobility and speciation of heavy metals in soils impacted by hazardous waste. Chemical Speciation & Bioavailability, 21(2), 59–69. https://doi.org/10.3184/095422909X449481. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3184/095422909X449481

Ohimain, E. I., Seiyaboh, E. I., Izah, S. C., Oghenegueke, V., and Perewarebo, T. (2012). Some selected physico-chemical and heavy metal properties of palm oil mill effluents. Greener Journal of Physical Sciences, 2(4), 131-137.

Okorie, A., Entwistle, J., & Dean, J. R. (2012). Estimation of daily intake of potentially toxic elements from urban street dust and the role of oral bioaccessibility testing. Chemosphere, 86(5), 460-467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.09.047. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.09.047

Popoola, L. T. (2019). Groundwater characterization in major industrial and residential locations of Lagos metropolis. Environmental Quality Management, 29(1), 169–179. https://doi.org/10.1002/tqem.21650 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tqem.21650

Singh, S. P., Ghosh, M., and Singh, R. (2011). A review on phytoremediation of heavy metals and utilization of its byproducts. Journal of Environmental Protection, 2(1), 10–20. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2011.21010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2011.21010

Tokatlı, C., Varol, M., and Ustaoğlu, F. (2023). Ecological and health risk assessment and quantitative source apportionment of dissolved metals in ponds used for drinking and irrigation purposes. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(18), 52818–52829. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26617-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26078-2

Tóth, G., Hermann, T., Da Silva, M. R., and Montanarella, L. J. E. I. (2016). Heavy metals in agricultural soils of the European Union with implications for food safety. Environment international, 88, 299-309. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.12.017

Ubiogor, O. E., and Adeyemo, O. K. (2017). Heavy metal pollution of aquatic systems in oil producing communities of Delta State, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Biosciences, 120, 11993–11998.

Wang, G., and Fowler, B. A. (2008). Roles of biomarkers in evaluating interactions among mixtures of lead, cadmium and arsenic. Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 233(1), 92-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2008.01.017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2008.01.017

Wuana, R. A., and Okieimen, F. E. (2011). Heavy metals in contaminated soils: A review of sources, chemistry, risks and best available strategies for remediation. ISRN Ecology, 2011, Article ID 402647. https://doi.org/10.5402/2011/402647 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5402/2011/402647

Published

2025-12-31

How to Cite

Seasonal Dynamics in Heavy Metal Pollution and Environmental Risk in Surface Soils Near a Battery Recycling Plant in Ogijo, Southwestern Nigeria. (2025). Nigerian Journal of Theoretical and Environmental Physics, 3(4), 21-31. https://doi.org/10.62292/njtep.v3i4.2025.100

Issue

Vol. 3 No. 4 (2025): Nigerian Journal of Theoretical and Environmental Physics - Vol. 3 No. 4

Section

Articles
Copyright & Licensing

How to Cite

Seasonal Dynamics in Heavy Metal Pollution and Environmental Risk in Surface Soils Near a Battery Recycling Plant in Ogijo, Southwestern Nigeria. (2025). Nigerian Journal of Theoretical and Environmental Physics, 3(4), 21-31. https://doi.org/10.62292/njtep.v3i4.2025.100