Nigerian Journal of Theoretical and Environmental Physics
Nigerian Journal of Theoretical and Environmental Physics (NJTEP) is an international peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles on theoretical, experimental and environmental physics. NJTEP is a fully open access online journal published by the Nigerian Institute of Physics (NIP).
Measurements of Background Ionizing Radiation Levels in Selected Farms in Agbor, Delta State, Nigeria
Measurements of Background Ionizing radiation (BIR) levels were carried out in six farms with a calibrated Digilert-200 radiation meter positioned 1.0 m above the ground level. Geographical positioning system (GPS) was also used to find the coordinates of each studied farm. The measured overall average BIR exposure rate across the selected farms was 3.78 µR/h. Using radiological relations, the health risks parameters and the radiation effective doses to different organs/ tissues were determined as follow: Mean equivalent dose rate 0.03 µSv/h), Mean absorbed dose rate (33.09 nGy/h), mean annual effective dose equivalent (0.05 mSv/y), mean excess life cancer risk (0.14 × 10-3. These values were lower than the recommended permissible limits of 13 µR/h, 0.1µSv/h, 84.0 nGy/h, 1.0 mSv/y and 0.29 × 10-3 respectively as recommended by (International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) and United Nations Scientiﬁc Committee on the effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCAER). Similarly, the effective dose delivered to different organs of the body within the recommended limits of 1.0 mSv/y. The results showed that the study area is safe from radiation exposure contamination.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nigerian Journal of Theoretical and Environmental Physics
Assessment of Entrance Surface Air Kerma and Effective Dose for Adult Patients Undergoing Conventional Diagnostic X-Ray Examinations in Selected Hospitals in Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
Diagnostic x-ray examinations are key part of modern medical imaging, helping doctors to diagnose a range of health conditions. However, these procedures expose patients to ionising radiation, which carries certain risks that need careful management. This study therefore assessed the entrance surface air kerma (ESAK) and effective dose (ED) for 1583 adult patients undergoing seven common diagnostic examinations at three different hospitals in Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria using CalDose software. The results of the study ranged from 0.67 – 6.78 mGy for ESAK and 0.02 – 0.48 mSv for ED. Among the examinations considered, the lumbar spine produced the highest ESAK values across the three hospitals, for both male and female patients, with an effective dose of 0.44 mSv at X, 0.29 mSv at Y, and 0.48 mSv at Z, while the chest had the lowest dose (X= 0.06, Y = 0.02, Z = 0.02 mSv). The estimated effective doses were within the safe limits set by the International Commission on Radiological Protection. These findings emphasise the need for regular dose audits, careful optimisation of exposure settings, and ongoing staff training to reduce patient radiation exposure while maintaining good diagnostic quality.
Fundamental Physical Principles and Clinical Applications of Proton Therapy: A Comprehensive Review
Proton therapy is an advanced modality in external beam radiotherapy that exploits the unique depth-dose distribution of accelerated protons to achieve improved tumor targeting compared with conventional photon-based techniques in selected anatomical geometries. This review synthesizes the fundamental physical principles underlying proton therapy, including proton-matter interactions, stopping power, linear energy transfer (LET), the Bragg peak, and the generation of the spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP). Accelerator technologies such as cyclotrons and synchrotrons, beam delivery methods including passive scattering and pencil beam scanning, and treatment planning approaches incorporating proton computed tomography and range verification are examined. The radiobiological effectiveness of protons is discussed alongside emerging evidence for FLASH proton therapy, which delivers ultra-high dose rates (>40 Gy/s) currently under early-stage clinical investigation. Clinical applications are supported by Level I evidence from randomized controlled trials (e.g., the 2025 Lancet trial demonstrating 90.9% versus 81.0% five-year overall survival for oropharyngeal cancer), Level II evidence from prospective cohort studies, and Level III evidence from meta-analyses showing reduced toxicity and secondary malignancy risks in pediatric cancers and central nervous system tumors. Despite challenges such as range uncertainty and high facility costs, proton therapy continues to evolve as a component of precision oncology in appropriately selected patients. This review underscores how fundamental physics principles translate into measurable clinical benefits when applied to specific tumor sites and patient populations.
Evaluating the Accuracy of MERRA-2 Reanalysis Data Against In-Situ Observations Under Varying Weather Conditions
Accurate estimation of surface atmospheric parameters is essential for climate and environmental studies, especially in regions with limited ground-based observations. This study addressed a key gap by evaluating Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2) reanalysis data against in-situ measurements of solar radiation, temperature, and wind speed under varying weather conditions. In-situ data were collected in Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria, using a Professional Weather Station and a Solar Meter (SM205), while MERRA-2 data were obtained from the NASA GIOVANNI platform, covering January 1 to March 31, 2025. Data were synchronized to hourly resolution and categorized by weather type. Statistical analysis applied linear, quadratic, and logarithmic regression models, with performance evaluated using Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Coefficient of Determination (R²). Results showed strong agreement between MERRA-2 and in-situ temperature across most conditions, with the quadratic model performing best. Under sunny conditions, R² reached 0.994 and 0.948, with RMSEs of 0.27 °C and 0.62 °C. Overcast days also showed good reliability (R² = 0.860 and 0.767), though accuracy declined during rainfall (R² = 0.377; RMSE = 2.61 °C). For solar irradiance, performance varied by condition: the quadratic model performed best on sunny Day 1 (R² = 0.759), while the logarithmic model gave the lowest RMSE on Day 2 (114.78 W/m²). Overcast and rainy Day 2 favored the quadratic model (R² = 0.925 and 0.881). Wind speed showed poor agreement across all conditions, with best R² = 0.289 and RMSE up to 8.97 m/s.
Evaluation of Radiofrequency Power Flux Density from Mobile Base Transceiver Stations in Gidan-Mangoro, Bosso Local Government Area, Niger State, Nigeria
Radiofrequency (RF) radiation emitted from Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) Base Transceiver Stations (BTS) is classified as non-ionizing radiation. Nevertheless, concerns have been expressed worldwide regarding the possible health effects associated with prolonged exposure, particularly for individuals residing close to BTS installations. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has categorized RF electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B), highlighting the need for continued scientific investigation. This study evaluated the power flux density of RF radiation emitted from mobile transceiver stations located near residential areas of Gidan-Mangoro in Bosso Local Government Area of Niger State in order to determine compliance with safety standards recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). Measurements of signal levels from three mobile network operators (MTN, GLO and Airtel) available within the study area were carried out using an RF Strength Meter (Model 480836). Several measurements were taken along all the accessible routes to cover the study area, while the corresponding distances and geographic coordinates were recorded using a Global Positioning System (GPS) device. The results indicated that power flux density varied across different locations, largely influenced by environmental conditions such as terrain, buildings, and vegetation. Despite these variations, the highest recorded value was 109.4 mW/m², which is below the ICNIRP recommended public exposure limits of 4,500 mW/m² (900 MHz), 9,000 mW/m² (1,800 MHz) and 10,000 mW/m² (2,700 MHz). These findings suggest that RF exposure levels within the study area remain within internationally accepted safety limits.
Assessment of Natural Radionuclides Concentrations and Radiological Hazards from Soil Samples in Alabata and Its Environs, Ogun State, Southwestern Nigeria
The natural occurring level of radioactivity in any soil is one of the main causes of external gamma exposure. The activity concentrations of natural radionuclides from soils in granitic area of Alabata, southwest Nigeria were determined with the aim of knowing the levels and evaluating the radiological hazards. Soil samples were collected and analysed by gamma-ray spectrometry method utilizing NaI scintillation detector. Results show that the ranges (and the conforming average values) of the estimated activity concentrations for 238 U, 232Th and 40K are 6.46 <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>±</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 0.00 to 66.57 <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>±</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 15.05; 211.56 <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>±</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 96.10 to 6.46 <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>±</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 0.00, and 211.56 ± 96.10 to 470.02 <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>±</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 91.28 Bq/Kg, respectively. 238U was mostly below detection limits (BDL) All the estimated radiological hazards were observed to be within the threshold limit of 370 Bq/kg, 60 nGy/h per UNSCEAR standards, 1 mSv/yr, 1.45 × 10⁻³, and 1 for radium equivalent activity, absorbed dose rate, effective dose, excess life cancer risk, and external and internal hazard index respectively as recommended by United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), Specifying that 238U was mostly below detection limits (BDL). Further investigation into the levels and radiation exposures of quarry soils within the vicinity of the study area is highly suggested.
Assessment of Natural Radioactivity Levels and Radiological Health Risks in Coastal Sediments of the Niger Delta, Nigeria: Environmental and Human Health Implications
Unregulated discharge of hydrocarbon-related wastes into Niger Delta coastal waters raises concerns over radionuclide contamination of sediments used in construction within the coastal region. Hence sediment samples were analyzed radiologically by means of Sodium iodide detector NaI (Tl). The mean concentration of 40K, 238U and 232Th that were analyzed are 1586.80, 27.25 and 46.90 Bq/kg respectively. The obtained values exceeded the world standard values of 400 and 30 Bq/kg for 40K and 232Th respectively while 238U is below standard value of 35 Bq/kg. The computed radiological indices with the view of ascertaining the sediment contamination level are radium equivalent activity, representative gamma index, the internal and external hazard index, absorbed gamma dose rate, annual effective dose equivalent and excess lifetime cancer risk with overall mean values of 216.50 Bqkg− 1, 1.70, 0.60, 0.65, 107.80 nGyh− 1, 0.13 mSvyr− 1 and ~4.6 × 10-3 respectively. These radiological indices exceeded respective recommended permissible limits. The research work concludes that unprofessional discharge of radiological contamination waste can lead to contamination of the coastal sediment being use for construction, and can further affect health of the residents in the region. However, these results can be use in the future as baseline for further radiological research.
Three-state Hidden Markov Model of Air Temperature Regimes over the Middle Belt States of Nigeria
This research applies a three-state Hidden Markov Model (HMM) to thirty (30) years (1991-2020) daily air temperature data over the Middle Belt states (Abuja, Benue, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger and Plateau) of Nigeria to identify the unique temperature regimes, characterize their distributional properties, and examine their temporal dynamics. Based on the state-dependent mean temperatures and standard deviation, the model divided the daily air temperature data series into three statistically different temperature regimes: regime 1 (Cool), regime 2 (Moderate), and regime 3 (Warm). Results show that the Warm (above average) regime dominates the majority of the time period, while the moderate (in-between) regime typically represents changes between transitional periods and the cool (below average) regime is associated primarily with the Harmattan (Northeast Trade Wind) Season. Transitions from Regime 1 (Cool) to Regime 2 (Moderate) and from Regime 2 to Regime 3 (Warm) happen more often than direct transitions from Regime 1 to Regime 3 as revealed by the Transition Probability Matrix. Warm regime occupancy reaches 54.4% in Benue and 45.7% in Kogi, indicating that high air temperature conditions dominate mainly in such area. The overall structure of the HMM used in this work provides a physical description of the temperature variability experienced by the Middle Belt States, Nigeria. Hence, creating a useful opportunities for assessments of climate variability, supporting heat-risk mapping and adaptation planning.
Using Machine Learning To Predict Rainfall in Abeokuta Nigeria
Rainfall is extremely important in Abeokuta as it supports agriculture, influences daily life, and the local economy. Abeokuta receives substantial seasonal precipitation; however, variability poses significant risks. This work focuses on Abeokuta and examines rainfall variability from 2001 to 2010. Using machine learning models is one way to extract information, patterns, and trends from historical data, enabling stakeholders to make informed decisions. It is essential to measure the climatic variables that correlate with rainfall, as this will help identify ways to mitigate their effects in pursuit of a balanced nature. In this study, the Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA), Random Forest (RF), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) were used to examine seasonality and patterns in our dataset for predictive purposes. The results show that the ANN model's MSE (7767.4691) and MAE (64.7500) are the lowest among the models used in this work. This suggests that the ANN model's predictions are closer to the actual rainfall values than those of other models. Furthermore, a correlation analysis revealed that the ANN correlated with evaporation and relative humidity. This suggests that during wet seasons or prolonged rainy periods, when rainfall is high, evaporation is low, and less irrigation may be needed, but soils stay wet longer. This might result in flooding. In contrast, in dry seasons with little rain, evaporation is high, and soils dry out quickly, increasing irrigation demand.
Hydrogeophysical Investigation of Groundwater Potential in Ugbowo Area of Edo State Using Electrical Resistivity Method
A hydrogeophysical investigation of groundwater potential was conducted in the Ugbowo area of Edo State, Nigeria, using Electrical Resistivity Method to characterize the subsurface lithology and evaluate groundwater potential. A Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver was used to obtain the geodetic coordinates of the VES station, which is located at latitude 6° 28′ 48.36″ N and longitude 5° 35′ 17.16″ E. The geology of the study area is predominantly composed of the Benin Formation, which underlies approximately 95% of the region. Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) was performed at one station using the SAS 300C ABEM Terrameter with the Schlumberger array configuration and a maximum electrode spacing of 147 m. The acquired data were processed and interpreted using the IPI2WIN software. The resulting geoelectric model revealed six subsurface layers with apparent resistivity values ranging from 391.51 Ωm to 5836.9 Ωm and depths extending from 1.41 m to 85.23 m. The lithologic units identified include lateritic topsoil, clay, gravel, cemented sandstones, and fine- to coarse-grained sands of varying thicknesses. The aquifer units were predominantly confined and showed good correspondence with lithologic logs from existing boreholes within the study area. A high resistivity lateritic layer was found to dominate the upper subsurface. The Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) results indicate the presence of an aquifer with a resistivity of 783.37 Ωm, located directly below the fifth layer in the study area. This potential aquifer suggests that the area may be suitable for groundwater development. Based on these findings, it is recommended that drilling contractors consider this information before borehole construction to enhance the efficiency and success of groundwater exploration.
Thermo-Magnetic properties of Two-Dimensional Non-Relativistic Schrödinger Equation for the Attractive Radial Potential under External Magnetic and Aharonov-Bohm Flux Fields
We investigate the thermo-magnetic properties of the Attractive Radial Potential (ARP) for a particle moving in two-dimensional non-relativistic Schrödinger equation subjected to an external magnetic field and Aharonov-Bohm (AB) flux. Analytical solution for the energy eigenvalues and wavefunctions were obtained in a closed form via the Nikiforov-Uvarov Functional Analysis (NUFA) method. We derived the partition function by analyzing the system as a canonical ensemble to obtain the expressions for the thermodynamic quantities which include the free energy, entropy, specific heat capacity and internal energy. Our results show a decrease in the energy spectrum when the AB flux and magnetic fields are increased. At low temperatures, specific heat capacity shows a peak anomaly, while Helmholtz free energy and entropy exhibit temperature dependence. We also observed that AB flux and magnetic field influence both magnetization and magnetic susceptibility and exhibit both paramagnetic and diamagnetic behavior. The findings provide valuable insights into in molecular physics applications.
Embedded System Application for Establishing Variability and the Relationship Between Meteorological Parameters and Particulate Matter Pollution in a Lagos Site
Air pollution from particulate matter (PM) remains a major environmental and public health concern, particularly in rapidly urbanizing cities. This study investigated the variability of PM (PM1, PM2.5, and PM10) and their relationship with meteorological parameters in Lagos, Nigeria, using a low-cost embedded monitoring system. Data were collected continuously over a two-year period (May 2021–April 2023) at two-minute intervals, providing one of the longest continuous PM datasets reported for Lagos. Results revealed distinct diurnal and seasonal patterns, with concentrations consistently higher at night and during the dry season. Temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, and wind speed showed significant inverse relationships with PM across all size fractions, with humidity and wind speed emerging as the strongest predictors. However, regression analysis indicated modest explanatory power (R² = 0.280 for PM2.5 and R² = 0.201 for PM10), suggesting that local emission sources have a dominant influence. Comparison with air quality benchmarks showed substantial exceedances. The daily mean concentration of PM2.5 (37.39 µg/m³) exceeded the WHO 24-hour guideline (15 µg/m³) and marginally exceeded the U.S. NAAQS limit (35 µg/m³). In contrast, PM10 (43.88 µg/m³) remained below the WHO guideline (45 µg/m³) and well within the Nigerian NESREA 24-hour limit (150 µg/m³). The study is limited by its single-site design, which may constrain spatial generalization. Nonetheless, the findings highlight elevated health risks from fine particulates in Lagos and demonstrate the effectiveness of low-cost embedded systems for long-term urban air quality assessment, supporting their integration into regulatory and public health strategies.
Seasonal Dynamics in Heavy Metal Pollution and Environmental Risk in Surface Soils Near a Battery Recycling Plant in Ogijo, Southwestern Nigeria
The study assessed seasonal variations in heavy metal pollution and ecological risk in surface soils around a spent‑battery recycling plant in Ogijo, south-western Nigeria. Forty topsoil samples (0–15 cm) were collected for two seasons and analyzed for Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Co, Cd, Cr and Ni using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Contamination factor, geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor and ecological risk index were calculated. The standard toxic‑response factors and correlations were used to identify common sources. Most heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Ni) occurred below their soil background levels, whereas Cd was greatly elevated in both seasons (16.69mg/kg wet; 6.24mg/kg dry vs 0.3mg/kg background), and Co was moderately enriched in the dry season. Wet‑season indices classified Cd as extremely polluted (CF = 55.6; IGEO > 5), with EF many orders of magnitude above unity and ERI ≈ 1669, while other metals had CF < 1 and ERI < 5, indicating low risk. In the dry season, Cd remained the dominant pollutant (CF = 20.8; ERI ≈ 624) and Co showed CF slightly above 1, but all other metals stayed within the low‑risk range. Correlation matrices revealed strong, significant associations among Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, Fe and Pb in the wet season, consistent with a common anthropogenic source and hydrological mixing, whereas dry‑season correlations were weaker and more heterogeneous. Overall, soils near the facility are ecotoxicologically dominated by Cd, particularly in the wet season, indicating the need for stricter control of recycling activities, targeted remediation and continuous monitoring.
Regional Characteristics of Geomagnetic Storms and Their Impact on Tropospheric Weather Parameters in Low-Latitude Regions
Geomagnetic storms are recognized for their effects on both space-based and terrestrial technological systems, as well as on atmospheric phenomena. This research explores the effects of geomagnetic disturbances on essential tropospheric weather variables temperature and relative humidity within the low-latitude region. Utilizing data from Osogbo, Nigeria (7.45°N, 4.40°E) and Bahir-Dar, Ethiopia (11.62°N, 37.16°E), the research analyzes the correlation and lagged response of meteorological factors at three isobaric pressure levels (1000 hPa, 850 hPa, and 600 hPa) in relation to geomagnetic storm occurrences as indicated by the Disturbance Storm Time (Dst) index. Data were sourced from NASA’s Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) covering the years 2003 and 2024. Statistical methods, including Pearson correlation and sixth-order polynomial regression, were employed to identify both linear and nonlinear relationships. The findings indicate a significant, time-lagged effect occuring within 1-3 days of geomagnetic storms on atmospheric dynamics in equatorial regions. These results enhance the understanding of space-weather–climate interactions, especially in the limited prior research areas.
Band Gap Engineering in a Mixed Halide Perovskite CsPbI2Z (Z=F, Cl, Br) for Photovoltaic Applications
Halide perovskites are among the most promising materials for high-performance solar cells, owing to their tunable band gaps and favorable carrier transport. In this study, we apply density functional theory (DFT) with spin–orbit coupling to explore the impact of halide substitution in CsPbI2Z (Z = F, Cl, Br). Our results show that substitution systematically contracts the lattice and modifies orbital hybridization, shifting the band edges and tuning the band gap. Projected density of states analysis reveals that halide p-orbitals dominate the valence band, while Pb-p orbitals consistently govern the conduction band. Fluorine incorporation reduces the band gap from 1.45 eV to 1.40 eV, suitable for single-junction solar cells, while chlorine (1.53 eV) and bromine (1.68 eV) increase the band gap, making them attractive for tandem device configurations. All variants preserve direct band gaps at the M-point, ensuring strong light absorption. These findings establish halide substitution as a practical design pathway for optimizing CsPbI3-based perovskites toward efficient and stable photovoltaic applications
Petrophysical Analysis of Reservoir Quality using Key Production Parameters: A Case Study of the G-Oil Field within the Niger Delta Basin
Production parameters of reservoirs such as Porosity (<!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>∅</m:r><m:r>)</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> , Permeability (K) and Water Saturation (Sw) are among the fundamental properties that determine a reservoir’s quality, defining its ability to store hydrocarbon and CO2.The Petrophysical analysis (production parameters) of the G-Oil Field in the Niger Delta basin was aimed at assessing the quality of the reservoirs in supporting hydrocarbon exploitation and carbon sequestration. Interactive Petrophysics (IP) Software was used to analyse 8 well log data in LAS format. 18 geologic reservoirs were delineated using the combination of Basic Logonal, Porosity/Water saturation algorithm and the Cut-off & summation algorithm of the IP software. Production Petrophysical parameters such as Effective Porosity (<!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>∅</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> eff), Permeability (K) and Water Saturation (Sw) were determined using the Tixier, Wyllie-Rose and Indonesian equations respectively. Results show that <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>∅</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> effis in the range of 14.2% - 27.5% adjudged to be good porosity to very good porosity while Sw values in all 18 reservoirs ranged between 13.1% and 45.7%. K ranged between 181.01mD and 7942.091mD, placing it within the ‘Very good - Excellent’ permeability classification. Mean value of <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>∅</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> eff, Sw and k for the G – Oil field are 22.8%, 31.0% and 1780.941mD respectively. These values as reviewed fell in the quality classification of Very good porosity, Very good Water Saturation and Excellent Permeability. These imply that the G – Oil field has good quality reservoirs which are highly prolific in terms of hydrocarbon production and suitable for Carbon Sequestration.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nigerian Journal of Theoretical and Environmental Physics
Evaluation of Effective Doses from Natural Radioactivity in Soil and Plant Samples at Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Main Campus, Katsina State, Nigeria
The presence of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs) such as ⁴⁰K, ²²⁶Ra, and ²³²Th in soil and plant is a common environmental phenomenon due to their geogenic origin. Assessing their concentrations is essential for understanding radiological exposure risks, particularly within institutional and residential environments. This study investigated the levels of ⁴⁰K, ²²⁶Ra, and ²³²Th in soil and plant samples from the Federal University Dutsin-Ma (FUDMA) main campus using gamma-ray spectroscopy. In soil, activity concentrations ranged from 20.36–47.86 Bq/kg (²²⁶Ra), 21.03–64.57 Bq/kg (²³²Th), and 81.56–234.84 Bq/kg (⁴⁰K), with mean values of 33.43, 43.16, and 164.32 Bq/kg. Compared to UNSCEAR global averages, levels of ²²⁶Ra and ²³²Th were slightly elevated, while ⁴⁰K was lower. Plant samples showed lower activity: 13.73–43.91 Bq/kg (²²⁶Ra), 16.67–50.96 Bq/kg (²³²Th), and 19.63–75.61 Bq/kg (⁴⁰K), with averages of 25.06, 33.10, and 37.30 Bq/kg. Outdoor gamma dose rates ranged from 19.63–75.61 nGy/h (soil) and 17.93–47.90 nGy/h (plant), while indoor levels reached 134.09 nGy/h. Annual effective doses (AEDγ) from soil ranged from 0.64–1.43 mSv/yr (mean: 0.92), and from plant 0.20–0.50 mSv/yr (mean: 0.35), within the ICRP 1 mSv/yr public dose limit. Ingestion dose estimates (AEDing) revealed ²³²Th as the dominant contributor: 9.93×10⁻⁴ mSv/yr (soil) and 1.52×10⁻³ mSv/yr (plant). AGED values ranged from 198.37–490.59 mSv/yr in soil and 122.12–327.20 mSv/yr in plant, with soil averaging 334.64 mSv/yr above the global average of 300 mSv/yr. Locations near the Senate Building and Faculty of Life Sciences suggest potential localized risk, emphasizing the importance of regular monitoring and precautionary measures in high-occupancy zones.
Spatial and Probabilistic Assessment of Radiation and Cancer Risk in Nigerian Seaports
Background ionizing radiation (BIR) in seaport environments contributes to public radiological exposure, yet few studies have quantified this risk in Nigerian ports. This study assessed BIR, annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE), and excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) across Warri, Koko, and Burutu seaports. Field measurements were collected at 15, 10, and 7 locations per port, respectively. Descriptive analysis revealed mean BIR values of 0.010 ± 0.002 µSvh⁻¹ (Warri), 0.009 ± 0.001 µSvh⁻¹ (Koko), and 0.012 ± 0.002 µSvh⁻¹ (Burutu), with corresponding AEDE estimates well below the 1 mSvy⁻¹ public exposure limit. Mean ELCR values ranged from 0.206 × 10⁻³ (Koko) to 0.251 × 10⁻³ (Burutu), approaching the UNSCEAR reference level of 0.29 × 10⁻³. Burutu exhibited the highest ELCR, likely due to localized sediment retention zones and port-specific operational features, despite its small size and limited infrastructure. Monte Carlo simulations incorporating instrument uncertainty confirmed the robustness of ELCR estimates, while spatial mapping highlighted micro-zonal hotspots consistent with measured values. Comparison with Onne Port indicated substantially lower ELCRs at the studied seaports, emphasizing the importance of site-specific risk assessments. These findings demonstrate that, although current exposures are within regulatory limits, continued monitoring is recommended, particularly in areas with elevated BIR. The study is limited by its single-season field measurements and small sample size, which may constrain broader generalization. Nonetheless, the combined spatial and probabilistic approach provides a robust baseline radiological data critical for environmental management and public health policy in Nigerian coastal ports.
Investigation of the Specific Heat Capacity, Density and Viscosity of Different Combinations of Groundnut and Palm Kernel Oil
The specific heat capacity, density, and viscosity of oil samples are affected by their chemical composition, temperature, and blending ratios. Palm kernel and groundnut oil exhibit distinct physical properties due to their unique compositions. In this work, we combined both oil samples at different ratios, producing 9 combinations and 2 original samples. Groundnut oil has a higher specific heat capacity due to its Medium-Chain Triglycerides (MCTs). Both samples experience a decrease in density as temperature rises, with groundnut oil being slightly denser. Additionally, viscosity decreases exponentially with increasing temperature, and palm kernel oil is more viscous. A comprehensive understanding of these properties in oil mixtures is essential for optimizing their use in various industrial applications. The results demonstrate a relationship between oil composition and heat retention properties. Groundnut oil exhibits a higher specific heat capacity, and increasing palm kernel oil content in the blend leads to a lower heat retention capability. The results characterized the specific heat capacity of groundnut oil, palm kernel oil, and their mixtures. Groundnut oil exhibited a higher specific heat capacity, with values of 2.54 J/g°C for pure groundnut oil and 2.16 J/g°C for pure palm kernel oil. The specific heat capacities of the mixtures followed a linear trend, indicating that the thermal properties of oil mixtures can be predicted based on their composition. These findings have practical implications in food processing and bio-fuel production. The results provide appropriate selection and application of oil blends in thermal systems. This study presents a detailed analysis of these thermo-physical properties for blends of palm kernel oil and groundnut oil in eleven different samples, offering valuable data to expand the existing body of knowledge.
The Effects of Temperature and Humidity on Air Quality in Small Industrial Area
This study investigates the relationship between temperature, humidity, and air quality in small industrial areas. The research aims to determine how these environmental factors influence air pollutant concentrations, particularly CO2 levels, and whether optimal temperature and humidity ranges can be identified to improve air quality. Data was collected using the PCE-AQD 50 air quality monitor, measuring temperature, humidity, CO2 concentration, and other pollutants. The study employed a quantitative approach, analysing real-time atmospheric data from a small industrial setting. The results indicate a strong correlation between temperature, humidity, and air quality. Higher temperatures were associated with increased CO2 levels, while humidity variations affected pollutant dispersion. An optimal range of temperature and humidity was identified, where air quality remained within acceptable limits. The findings provide valuable insights for environmental monitoring and industrial air quality management. By understanding how atmospheric conditions impact pollutant levels, industries can implement strategies to improve workplace air quality and comply with regulatory standards. Further research is recommended to explore these relationships across different industrial environments.
Analysing Spatial and Temporal Variability of Solar Radiation Using Wavelet Spectrum Transforms: Case Studies from Nigeria and the United States
Solar radiation, a fundamental driver of Earth's climate system, exhibits significant spatial and temporal variability across different geographical locations. This study employs wavelet spectrum transforms to analyse hourly solar radiation data spanning two decades over selected cities: Ibadan and Lagos in Nigeria, and New Richmond in the United States. Continuous wavelet transforms with the Morlet wavelet function are utilized to dissect the complex dynamics of solar radiation patterns. The analysis reveals distinct temporal trends and spatial distributions of solar radiation, providing insights into environmental sustainability, agricultural productivity, and socio-economic implications. By elucidating the intricate relationship between solar radiation variability and geographical locations, this study contributes to inform decision-making in renewable energy planning, climate adaptation strategies, and public health interventions.
Diurnal Patterns of Fair-Weather Atmospheric Electric Field in Nigeria: Deviation from Global Standards
The first continuous measurements of fair-weather atmospheric electric field in Nigeria reveal distinctive diurnal patterns that fundamentally challenge conventional assumptions about atmospheric electrical behaviour in tropical regions. While the global electric circuit is traditionally characterized by the Carnegie curve derived from maritime measurements, the influence of regional aerosol loading on atmospheric electrical patterns in dust-affected tropical environments remains poorly understood. This study aims to establish the first comprehensive atmospheric electrical climatology for Nigeria and quantify the impact of local aerosol influences on diurnal electric field patterns. Based on 418 fair-weather days over 30 months at Lokoja (7°49'N, 6°44'E), the atmospheric electric field exhibits a pronounced double-peak structure with morning (08:30 LT) and evening (19:45 LT) maxima, reaching amplitudes 2.8 times the daily mean during the dry season. This pattern contrasts sharply with the classical Carnegie curve, showing a weakly negative correlation (r = -0.42) that indicates dominant local aerosol influences over global electric circuit signals. Harmonic analysis reveals that 87% of temporal variance is captured by the first three harmonics, with the 12-hour semidiurnal component contributing 24%—substantially higher than the <5% typical of maritime stations. The diurnal amplitude factor varies systematically from 3.4 during Harmattan dust periods to 1.8 during the wet season, directly tracking regional aerosol loading patterns. These findings establish the first baseline atmospheric electrical climatology for Nigeria and demonstrate the necessity of developing region-specific standards for atmospheric electricity research in dust-affected tropical environments. The results have significant implications for global electric circuit modelling and highlight West Africa's unique role in continental atmospheric electrical processes.
Investigation of Groundwater Potential Zones Using Integrated Geophysical Techniques at Apaken Area, Sagamu, Southwestern Nigeria
Groundwater potential zones in Apaken Sagamu, South Western Nigeria was investigated using electrical resistivity and the natural electric field combined approaches. Twelve VES stations and six 2D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) profiles were probed utilizing Schlumberger and Wenner array modes. respectively. The VES and 2D ERT data were processed and inverted using partial curve matching/WINRESIST and RES2DINV softwares, respectively. Natural electric field (NEF) technique was also employed on the traverses using PQWT. Three to five geo-electric layers are revealed by the results of the interpretation of the VES data: the topsoil, which has resistivity values between 55.5 and 747.3 Ωm and thicknesses between 0.4 and 2.9 m; laterite soil layer, which has resistivity values between 225.6 and 8985.8 Ωm and thicknesses between 0.8 and 18.3 m; sandy clay layer, which has resistivity values between 504.3 and 5477.8 Ωm and thicknesses between 6.5 and 34.6 m; and the layer of ferruginous medium to coarse sand, which has resistivity values between 603 and 4422.8 Ωm. The overburden thickness ranges from 1.2 to 24.0 m. Ferruginous fine sand layer of the VES stations constitutes the main aquifers’ zone. Based on reflection coefficient and overburden thickness values used to infer groundwater yield status, 50% of total VES points had moderate to high groundwater yield whereas the remaining 50% exhibit very low to low groundwater potential. According to longitudinal conductance values of the overburden units, two marked aquifer protecting capability zones were pinpointed: the poor (91.67%) and weak (8.33%). The identified moderate to high groundwater yield zones (VES stations 4, 6 and 11) with their associated moderate protective capability were located on the west and northwest sides of the study area, and thus suggested for drilling. The result of 2D resistivity and NEF concur at traverses 3 and 4 indicating good yield of groundwater zones.
Extended Generalized Uncertainty Principle: Mathematical Framework for Astrophysical Applications
We present a comprehensive mathematical framework for extended Generalized Uncertainty Principle (GUP) formulations and their systematic application to astrophysical systems. Through rigorous dimensional analysis and comparative evaluation of competing theoretical models, we establish a unified approach for incorporating quantum gravity effects into macroscopic astronomical observations. Our analysis reveals fundamental scaling relationships between microscopic quantum gravity parameters and observable astrophysical phenomena, providing the theoretical foundation for observational constraints on minimal length scales. The framework developed here offers a systematic methodology for translating Planck-scale physics into testable predictions for neutron star structure, black hole thermodynamics, and gravitational wave signatures. We demonstrate that while individual quantum gravity corrections appear negligible, their cumulative effects in extreme astrophysical environments can potentially reach observational thresholds, particularly in gravitational wave observations of binary neutron star mergers, where tidal deformability measurements offer unprecedented sensitivity to the underlying equation of state modifications.
Groundwater Exploration in Nifor Area of Edo State using Electrical Resistivity Method
Groundwater exploration was carried out in Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research (NIFOR) community in Ovia North-East Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria using electrical resistivity method. It lies between latitude of 6° 32′ 12.12″ N and longitude of 5° 37′ 23.52″ E. The geology of the study area is overlain by the Benin Formation. The study area is hilly and had little natural topographical variations. The topography is generally low, lying area with gentle slope. The vegetation is made up of trees, shrubs and grasses. Their main livelihood is farming and trading. The method employed in this study involves the measurement of apparent resistivity with depth and also for measurement underlying rocks structure such as sedimentary beds or depth of water table. The equipment employed for taking Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) readings was Parsi (A.C) Earth Resistivity meter. The soundings were taken using Schlumberger array with maximum current electrode separation of 430m.A total of four locations were surveyed along Cattle Yard Road, Iyamu Street, and Church Street and to Feeding 31 Street (locations 1, 2, 3 and 4). The data acquired were interpreted using computer software IPI2WIN. It was discovered that all VES locations have six layers with apparent resistivity ranging from 0.675Ωm to 616291Ωm with depth ranging from 0.5m to 129m.The major lithologic units penetrated by the sounding curve were lateritic sand, clay and fine wet sand. The results from the survey areas were correlated with the existing borehole driller’s log of NIFOR for proper interpretation. The results defined the existence of aquifer with low resistivity of 0.675Ωm immediately after 5th layer in the areas under investigation. The existence of a probabilistic aquifer layer propose the study area may be a potential location for groundwater exploration, and I therefore recommend that the results of this research work should be used by drillers before a borehole is sunk.
Radioactive Element Distribution in Nigerian Coal Deposits: Implications for Environmental and Health Risks
Coal mining and utilization pose significant environmental and health risks due to the presence of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs). Nigeria, with its vast coal reserves is no exception. This study investigates the distribution of radioactive elements in Nigerian coal deposits using NaI(Tl) based gamma-ray spectroscopy technique. The specific activity concentrations of the radionuclides ranged from 52.56 <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>±</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 3.59 Bq/kg to 117.45 <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>±</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 5.71 Bq/kg for 40K, 16.22 <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>±</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 3.50 Bq/kg to 19.54 <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>±</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 3.87 Bq/kg for 226Ra and 16.88 <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>±</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 1.54 Bq/kg to 51.75 <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>±</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 3.99 Bq/kg for 232Th. The results indicated that thorium concentrations were much higher than the United Nation Scientific Committee on the Effect of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR, 2000) permissible limit of 30 Bq/kq. This potent radiological health risk to vital body organs and tissues, hence the need to limit exposure time or use proper shielding equipment by miners and people living around coal fired power plants. Similarly, the results of the annual gonadal dose equivalent were slightly less than the ICRP permissible limit of 300 <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>μ</m:r><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>S</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>v</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>y</m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>-</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>1</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> . Hence, the need to reduce exposure time (during work hour) especially by the miners and people around coal fired power plants.
The Magnetic and Aharonov-Bomh Flux Fields of Carbon Monoxide Diatomic Molecule with Energy-Dependent Screened Kratzer Potential
An energy-dependent potential is a type of quantum mechanical potential in which the potential energy explicitly depends on the particle’s energy, rather than solely on its spatial coordinates as in conventional potentials. Energy-dependent potentials (EDPs) have gained attention in quantum mechanics due to their ability to model systems where the interaction strength varies with the particle’s energy, offering a more flexible description of molecular and nuclear interactions than conventional static potentials. This study analytically solves the two-dimensional Schrödinger equation with an Energy-Dependent Screened Kratzer Potential (EDSKP) using the Nikiforov-Uvarov (NU) method to obtain the energy eigenvalues of a carbon monoxide (CO) diatomic molecule under the influence of Magnetic and Aharonov-Bohm (AB) flux fields. The energy spectra are computed for different quantum numbers, showing that the energy levels decrease with increasing magnetic and AB-flux field strength. This decrease is more pronounced when the energy slope parameter is negative, indicating a field-induced stabilization of the molecule. Conversely, the energy levels increase rapidly when the energy slope parameter is positive, reflecting a stiffening interaction. These behaviors are graphically confirmed and offer insights into the quantum mechanical response of molecules under external perturbations. By adjusting the potential parameters, the well-known screened Kratzer potential model is recovered. In the absence of external fields and with a substitution for the magnetic quantum number, the energy eigenvalue of the three-dimensional Schrödinger equation is retrieved as a special case, which aligns with previous studies. These results provide useful perspectives for molecular physics, quantum control, and materials science
Energy-Dependent Screened Kratzer Potential
Assessment of Natural Radioactivity and Heavy Metal Accumulation in Selected Edible Fruit Nuts from Lagos and Ogun State Markets, Nigeria
Edible fruit nuts are highly valuable to humans for nutritional, economic, medicinal, and environmental reasons, hence are in high demand in our local markets. This study assesses the levels of naturally occurring radionuclides and heavy metals in six commonly consumed edible fruit nuts—peanuts, cashew nuts, walnuts, date nuts, tiger nuts, and kola nuts—sourced from major markets in Lagos and Ogun States, southwestern Nigeria. The analysis aimed to determine the potential radiological and toxicological health risks associated with their consumption. Gamma-ray spectrometry was employed to evaluate the activity concentrations of radionuclides (40K, 226Ra, and 232Th), while heavy metal content, including lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), and mercury (Hg), was determined using atomic absorpti on spectrometry. Results revealed that the activity concentration of 40K in all samples exceeded the UNSCEAR (2000) threshold of 412 Bq/kg, while 226Ra and 232Th remained below permissible limits. The internal hazard index, radium equivalent, absorbed dose rate, and annual effective dose values were also below internationally recommended levels, suggesting no immediate radiological health risks. For heavy metals, Ni and Cr showed relatively higher concentrations, especially in tiger nuts and kola nuts, though still within acceptable limits. Essential elements like Zn and Cu were present in moderate amounts, indicating nutritional value alongside trace-level contamination. Despite the safety of these nuts for human consumption, the presence of environmentally toxic metals such as Ni and Cr underscores the need for continuous monitoring. The study concludes that while current contamination levels pose no significant health risk, proactive regulation and periodic food safety evaluations are essential to safeguard public health.
Geotechnical Investigation of Road Pavement Failure along the Mubi Bypass Road, Jambutu, Jimeta, Yola, Adamawa State
The persistent failure of road pavements manifesting as severe cracks, potholes, partial or complete collapse has left residents of communities along the Mubi Bypass Road in Jambutu in a highly distressed and disrupted condition. A geotechnical investigation was conducted to determine the causes of road pavement failure within the study area. Particle size distribution analysis revealed a predominance of fines (25.9–30.8%) and sand (59.5–64%), suggesting the presence of silty clay and silty sand. Atterberg limits indicated low plasticity, with liquid limits ranging from 20.0–23.2%, plasticity index between 20–23.2%, and shrinkage limits from 1.79–2.50%. The plastic limit was largely 0%, further confirming low plasticity soils. Specific gravity values ranged from 2.5–2.54 in failed sections and 2.29–2.51 in stable sections. Compaction characteristics showed slightly lower maximum dry densities in failed sections (2.09–2.2 g/cm³) compared to stable ones (2.19–2.2 g/cm³), with similar optimum moisture contents (8.0–8.6%). California Bearing Ratio (CBR) results demonstrated a significant drop in strength under soaked conditions. Soaked CBR values ranged from 53.9–91.1% in failed sections and 17.7–51.4% in stable sections, while unsoaked values ranged from 88.3–125.4% and 36.2–59.3% respectively. This confirmed a strong influence of moisture on subgrade strength and stability. The study attributes pavement failure to weak subsurface materials, specifically incompetent silty clay and silty sand, compounded by poor drainage and the flood-prone nature of the study area. It is recommended that effective drainage systems and soil stabilization measures be implemented. These findings provide essential guidance for the rehabilitation of existing pavements and the design of new roads.
Comparative Analysis and Performance of Empirical Radiation Models for Estimating Crop Water Requirement in Semi – Arid Region of Northern Environment of Nigeria
Water's pivotal role in urban planning and hydrological development is crucial for sustainable progress and fostering a green economy. With 97% of the Earth's surface covered by water, its proper utilization in domestic, industrial, and agricultural sectors is paramount. The study is aimed at determining the comparative analysis and performance of empirical radiation models for estimating crop water requirement in semi – arid region of northern environment of NigeriaIn a recent study, the comparison of empirical radiation equations with the Food and Agricultural Organization's Penman-Monteith 56 model, renowned for its efficacy in modeling reference evapotranspiration across various climatic zones, revealed insightful findings. The analysis highlighted the efficacy of empirical models in estimating reference evapotranspiration in semi-arid and arid regions. Notably, in the comparison between the FAO 56 PM model and newer models, such as the Stephen-Stewart (S-S) and the new ETo model, significant differences in performance were observed. For instance, in Kukawa, the R² coefficient was 31.98% for the FAO 56 PM model compared to 99.96% for the S-S and new ETo models. Similarly, the comparison yielded R² values of 31.98% and 98.46%, respectively, against the new model. In Jada, the comparison showcased varying levels of success with different models. The FAO 56 PM model achieved a success rate of 51.3%, while the S-S model scored 99.99% in comparison. Additionally Caprio models demonstrated R² values of 81.41% and 99.74%, respectively, against the new model. These findings underscore the importance of selecting appropriate models for estimating reference evapotranspiration, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, to enhance the accuracy of hydrological assessments and urban planning initiatives.